The article of indigenous knowledge and the story of the Bean is amazing and understandable, it really talks about the ways of both westerns and indigenous knowledge of teaching, producing, creating and reproducing in there the system of education, It also discussed how both indigenous knowledge and western knowledge are important. But again there is a bit contradiction in the writing because, In the first paragraph of the article I have seen that the student teachers are asking questions on what to say or do, the teacher speaks too fast or the word used is difficult instead the learners were told to use dictionaries so that they understand western knowledge better, their knowledge has been framed as deficient while” the schooling process of American Indians has been based on hierarchy of knowledge “(p.3) their children are used to be called as dirty Indians or stinky of which is not right because the Indian student revealed that she learned good language after she joins Indian boarding school and she can be still smart and clean and teach Indian students.

Nevertheless, Indigenous knowledge learning system is more of practical than theory, they greatly do what they experience like the way of hunting, planting of seeds, healing which is done mostly by the elders and the young children do practice as they saw from their unties and uncle doings and this goes into generation to generation, and indigenous knowledge system is conceptualized and it is tied more of inheritably tied to particular landscape, landforms and biomass mostly places where stories are recited, medicine are gathered or ceremonies are held. And the conceptual knowledge, they lived an integral part of survival. For sure the writer made me understand the indigenous knowledge is handed down on families –line from generation to another generation (a--traditional and cultural) activities, on (p.9) where female teacher-student have narrated her past experience about the knowledge of the sky and pattern of the stars where she mention that what kind of seed to plant or when is the right time to plant by constellating on of the stay, of which this has reminded me some years back where my grandmother told us. when little rain comes with a strong wind it is called (xagaa )in my Somali language and during this session, only maize and millet will grow because these two plants can survive a little bit of rain compared to other crops.

I have read both articles Models of literacy in North American schools and mu-literacies, New literacies, new learning. Pedagogies, to start with the mu-literacies, new literacies new learning, I agreed with the author where he said ‘a pedagogy of mu-literacies” as a programmatic manifesto. The world was changing, the communications environment was changing, and it seemed to us that to follow these changes literacy teaching and learning would have to change as well.” It true that as time goes everything will changing because I can remember in early days people use to travel from far distance either to get water, information or goods and service, not even much far when people from North Eastern province of Kenya use to travel with buses as means of transportations, one use to cut the bus tickets three days before the traveling day and if one fails to get a ticket at an early time that person will have to wait for next trip but today every youth is driving a bro box and people travel any time whish like . Similar to use of technology I, remember people use to get information from the radio operators but today things have totally changed, majority of the people in the Camps are in access to a smartphone with WhatsApp, they share information’s, pictured, and voice to their friends, relatives, and workmate however they live far distance from each other. When it comes to learning/ academic framework, technological pedagogy has helped many students develop their topic of argument/ thesis when doing their research/ proposals, they get access to educational resources through the use of online like getting information from Google search, University libraries or web pages. Been one of the Borderless High Education for Refugees (BHER) program students, technological pedagogy allows us to connect and learn with our fellow students in Canada by exchange ideas as if we see one another face to face through zoom meeting or email, sending of assignment to professors through Moodle sharing our experience, stories, videos making, comic life and may another important aspect to our life. so it is true that the world is changing day in day out and people acquire new skills and knowledge to use in the future. In the reading, the author asked three questions of Why what, and how’ to start with the question “why” Pedagogy of Mu-lit literacies, has illustrated to us that there is need for change in the language and the literacy as the world is changing day in day out, the educators have critically engaged to the use of technology which helped them to achieve their right goals regardless of their geographical universe they have the experience, the ten members have connected to citizenship, lifeworlds and work too. The question of “what”, the author is trying to tell us the as human we try to teach the daily going things, the information/ idea people say should be meaningful, logic so that the society and should be accepting it sounds or interpreted, as the author said that multiliteracies need to be “ a form of design or active and dynamic transformation of the social world, and its contemporary forms increasingly multimodal, with linguistic, visual, audio, gestural and spatial modes of meaning becoming increasingly integrated into everyday media and cultural practices. These constituted the second of the “multis”—the inherent multimodality of contemporary forms of representation. As a consequence, the traditional emphasis on alphabetical literacy (letter sounds in words in sentences in texts in literature) would need to be supplemented in the pedagogy of multiliteracies by learning how to read and write multimodal texts which integrated the other modes with language. ” Lastly on the third question on The “how” of Multiliteracies wishes people to move steps forward by reshaping pedagogy for the changing times? As the author said, “learning is a process of self-re-creation. Cultural dynamism is the result.” (p.184). so to my idea this article of New literacies, new learning. Pedagogies is helpful and the learner will new way of learning and even educators will improve their way of leaching.

Coming back to the article of Models of literacy in North American schools, American children a quire and use skills of reading and writing, literacy is seen as a value-neutral competency. on page 87, De Castell & Luke, 1986 have identified three paradigms of literacy in North American schools: (1) the classical, the progressive, and the technocratic. In this classicist aim of literacy of high culture sub-served the goals of an aristocratic social structure, (2) the Progressive shift of focus to the pragmatics of interpersonal communication reflect enthusiasm for democratization for culture and society in the 20th century, and lastly e (3) the technocratic approach to literacy developed in concert with increasing centralization of schooling which led to an emphasis on more standardized and universally verifiable forms of literate behavior.